AP® Biology

Unit 1 | Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of life encompasses the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, essential for life processes and metabolic activities.

Long Free Response

The long free response section evaluates the ability to apply concepts of biological chemistry, including the structure and function of macromolecules, to explain biological processes and interactions.

1 question

On Fertile Ground

Unit 2 | Cell Structure and Function

Cells have specialized structures that perform distinct functions, with eukaryotic cells containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, while prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.

Short Answer Free Response

The short answer free response section assesses the ability to articulate concepts related to cell structure and function, including the roles of organelles and membrane dynamics in maintaining homeostasis.

8 questions

Osmoregulation in Fish

Properties of the Cell Membrane

Salty Celery

Structure vs. Function in the Fluid Mosaic Model

Urine For a Surprise

Water Potential, Bacteria, and Osmosis

Compartmentalizing of Eukaryotic Cells

Why It's Separate

Long Free Response

Long Free Response prompts assess the ability to articulate and apply knowledge of cellular structures, functions, and processes in a clear and coherent manner.

1 question

Transpiration with Changing Environmental Conditions

Unit 3 | Cellular Energetics

Cellular energetics involves understanding how cells convert energy through processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration, emphasizing the transformation and flow of energy within biological systems.

Short Answer Free Response

Cellular energetics encompasses the principles of energy transformation in biological systems, including the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis for energy production and utilization.

4 questions

Determining Pigment Activity

Mechanisms of Cellular Respiration

The Effects of Kelp on the $\text{pH}$ of Disko Bay

The Evolution of Energy

Long Free Response

The principles of cellular energetics explain how organisms convert, store, and utilize energy from various sources to sustain life processes, balancing energy inputs and outputs in metabolic pathways.

7 questions

Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Function

Intricacies of Mitochondria and Aerobic Respiration

Photosynthetic Rate

Common Chemiosmolarity

Energy in Systems

Factors Affecting Transpiration

The Respiration of Peas

Unit 4 | Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Cell communication transmits signals to regulate growth, differentiation, and metabolism, while the cell cycle ensures genome integrity through regulated stages of division.

Short Answer Free Response

Cell communication transmits signals to regulate gene expression, hormone release, and environmental responses, while the cell cycle controls growth, division, and checkpoints for accurate replication.

2 questions

Analyzing Hormone Signaling in Cells

Investigating the Cell Cycle

Long Free Response

Cell communication involves the exchange of signals between cells, leading to coordinated responses that regulate processes like growth, gene expression, and the cell cycle, ensuring homeostasis and adaptability.

3 questions

Cell Communication

PCB Exposure as a Selective Pressure

From One to the Next

Unit 5 | Heredity

Mendel's laws describe how alleles segregate and assort independently during gamete formation, establishing the foundation for understanding inheritance patterns in organisms.

Short Answer Free Response

This topic involves analyzing genetic inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws and understanding how alleles segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.

4 questions

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Huntington's Disease

Deer of a Different Color

Pedigree: It's More Than a Dog Food

Long Free Response

Long Free Response questions assess the ability to analyze complex biological scenarios, interpret data, and articulate clear connections between concepts related to heredity and genetic inheritance.

2 questions

Genetic Variation

Ironing Out the Mechanics of Genetic Disorders

Unit 6 | Gene Expression and Regulation

Gene expression and regulation involve the processes by which genetic information is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins, with mechanisms that control when, where, and how much of each gene product is made.

Short Answer Free Response

Gene expression and regulation involve the processes by which genetic information is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins, with mechanisms that control the timing, location, and amount of gene expression.

7 questions

Analysis of Data for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Bacterial Restriction Map Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Everybody's Shuffling

Levels of Control

Pass It Down

Genetic Engineering Using Bacteria

Long Free Response

Long free response questions assess the ability to analyze and integrate concepts of gene expression, regulation mechanisms, and their implications for biological processes.

7 questions

Controlling HIV

Methods of Bacterial Transformation

Paternal DNA Identification

Thermosensitivity and Sex Determination

A Tale of Two Regulation Types

There Is More Than Denim In Your Genes

Maternal Care and ACTH Level in Rats

Unit 7 | Natural Selection

Natural selection is the process through which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.

Short Answer Free Response

Short Answer Free Response questions assess the ability to apply concepts of natural selection, including evidence of evolution, adaptations, and how environmental factors influence species variation and fitness.

5 questions

Evolution of the Horse

Mouse Evolution

Rounding Up Unwanted Plants

Common Ground Among Cells

Evolution of the Arctic Hare

Long Free Response

Long free response questions assess the ability to articulate a clear and scientifically accurate argument about the mechanisms of natural selection and their impact on evolution, including the evolution of populations over time.

7 questions

Allele Frequencies and Effects of Mutation on HIV Resistance | 1 of 2

Allele Frequencies and Effects of Mutation on HIV Resistance | 2 of 2

Explain Evolution in a Population of Galapagos Finches

Exploring Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

In Defense of Evolution

Evolutionary Comparisons Using Myoglobin DNA Sequencing

Cat Evolution and Ancestry

Unit 8 | Ecology

Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment, including energy flow, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, and the roles of species within communities.

Short Answer Free Response

Analyze ecological interactions among species, including competition, predation, and symbiosis, while evaluating the effects of human activities on ecosystems and biodiversity.

8 questions

Crazy Ants and Ecosystem Disruption

Creeping of the Kudzu

Garlic Mustard Invasion

It's All Connected

The New Species in Town

Determining Energy Consumption Based on Metabolic Lifestyle

24 Days of Growth

Fruit Fly Kinetics

Long Free Response

Long free response questions assess the ability to integrate and apply knowledge of ecological concepts through the construction of well-reasoned arguments supported by evidence and scientific reasoning.