AP® European History
1450 to 1648
1450 to 1648
The period from 1450 to 1648 in Europe saw the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution, marking profound cultural, religious, and intellectual transformations that shaped the landscape of early modern Europe.
Unit 1 | Renaissance and Exploration
Unit 1 | Renaissance and Exploration
The Renaissance was marked by a resurgence of classical learning and creativity, while European exploration expanded trade routes and global influence.
The Effects of the Age of Exploration
The Effects of the Age of Exploration
Continuities and Changes in European Life
Continuities and Changes in European Life
The European Renaissance
The European Renaissance
Unit 2 | Age of Reformation
Unit 2 | Age of Reformation
The Age of Reformation was a period marked by religious reform movements, such as Protestantism, which challenged the Catholic Church's authority and led to significant religious, political, and cultural transformations in Europe.
Dominant Ideas of the Reformations
Dominant Ideas of the Reformations
Protestant Reform
Protestant Reform
1648 to 1815
1648 to 1815
The period from 1648 to 1815 was marked by the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War, the rise and fall of absolutist states, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and the transformative impacts of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
Unit 3 | Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Unit 3 | Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Absolutism and constitutionalism in early modern Europe explored two contrasting forms of governance, emphasizing centralized monarchical power versus parliamentary or other governing bodies' authority.
The Rise of Absolute Monarchies
The Rise of Absolute Monarchies
James I of England
James I of England
The Importance of Foreign Trade
The Importance of Foreign Trade
The Industrial and the Consumer Revolutions
The Industrial and the Consumer Revolutions
Unit 4 | Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
Unit 4 | Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
The period from 1648 to 1815 saw the advancement of the Scientific Revolution, the spread of Enlightenment ideas challenging traditional authority, and political developments that laid the groundwork for modern democratic societies.
Reason and European Culture
Reason and European Culture
Unit 5 | Crisis, Conflict, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
Unit 5 | Crisis, Conflict, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
The late 18th century was marked by widespread crisis and conflict, including the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, which challenged established social and political orders, leading to significant reactions and changes.
Causes and Effects of the French Revolution
Causes and Effects of the French Revolution
The French Revolution
The French Revolution
1815 to 1914
1815 to 1914
The period from 1815 to 1914 in Europe saw major developments in political ideologies, industrialization, nationalism, and imperialism, which reshaped social structures and led to both conflict and modernization.
Unit 6 | Industrialization and Its Effects
Unit 6 | Industrialization and Its Effects
Industrialization from 1815 to 1914 brought profound economic, social, and technological changes, leading to urbanization, class dynamics, and political reform, while accelerating imperialist competition and global interconnectedness.
Engel's View
Engel's View
The Revolutions of 1848
The Revolutions of 1848
Unit 7 | 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
Unit 7 | 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
The 19th century saw the rise of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism, leading to political reforms and revolutions that redefined the European nation-state system amidst industrial and social transformations.
Rising Tensions and The Great Powers
Rising Tensions and The Great Powers
Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
Europe's Changing Landscape
Europe's Changing Landscape
1914 to the Present
1914 to the Present
The period from 1914 to the present encompasses two world wars, the rise and fall of totalitarian regimes, the Cold War, decolonization, and significant technological and social change in Europe.
Unit 8 | 20th-Century Global Conflicts
Unit 8 | 20th-Century Global Conflicts
World War I and World War II shaped the 20th century through global conflicts driven by factors like nationalism, economic instability, imperial competition, and ideological confrontations, resulting in significant geopolitical changes.
Diplomatic and Political Consequences
Diplomatic and Political Consequences
The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution
The Interwar Period
The Interwar Period
Causes of World War I
Causes of World War I
Unit 9 | Cold War and Contemporary Europe
Unit 9 | Cold War and Contemporary Europe
The Cold War era witnessed a tense power struggle between the Soviet Union and the Western allies, leading to significant geopolitical, economic, and cultural transformations in Europe, and ending with the USSR's collapse.
The Fall of Communism
The Fall of Communism
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism
Significant Continuities and Changes for Women
Significant Continuities and Changes for Women
Churchill's View
Churchill's View